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- FIND(1L) MISC. REFERENCE MANUAL PAGES FIND(1L)
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- NAME
- find - search for files in a directory hierarchy
-
- SYNOPSIS
- find [path...] [expression]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of find. find
- searches the directory tree rooted at each given file name
- by evaluating the given expression from left to right,
- according to the rules of precedence (see section OPERA-
- TORS), until the outcome is known (the left hand side is
- false for _a_n_d operations, true for _o_r), at which point find
- moves on to the next file name.
-
- The first argument that begins with `-', `(', `)', `,', or
- `!' is taken to be the beginning of the expression; any
- arguments before it are paths to search, and any arguments
- after it are the rest of the expression. If no paths are
- given, the current directory is used. If no expression is
- given, the expression `-print' is used.
-
- find exits with status 0 if all files are processed success-
- fully, greater than 0 if errors occur.
-
- EXPRESSIONS
- The expression is made up of options (which affect overall
- operation rather than the processing of a specific file, and
- always return true), tests (which return a true or false
- value), and actions (which have side effects and return a
- true or false value), all separated by operators. -and is
- assumed where the operator is omitted. If the expression
- contains no actions other than -prune, -print is performed
- on all files for which the expression is true.
-
- OPTIONS
- All options always return true.
-
- -daystart
- Measure times (for -amin, -atime, -cmin, -ctime, -mmin,
- and -mtime) from the beginning of today rather than
- from 24 hours ago.
-
- -depth
- Process each directory's contents before the directory
- itself.
-
- -follow
- Dereference symbolic links. Implies -noleaf.
-
- -maxdepth _l_e_v_e_l_s
- Descend at most _l_e_v_e_l_s (a non-negative integer) levels
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- of directories below the command line arguments.
- `-maxdepth 0' means only apply the tests and actions to
- the command line arguments.
-
- -mindepth _l_e_v_e_l_s
- Do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than
- _l_e_v_e_l_s (a non-negative integer). `-mindepth 1' means
- process all files except the command line arguments.
-
- -noleaf
- Do not optimize by assuming that directories contain 2
- fewer subdirectories than their hard link count. This
- option is needed when searching filesystems that do not
- follow the Unix directory-link convention, such as CD-
- ROM or MS-DOS filesystems or AFS volume mount points.
- Each directory on a normal Unix filesystem has at least
- 2 hard links: its name and its `.' entry. Addition-
- ally, its subdirectories (if any) each have a `..'
- entry linked to that directory. When find is examining
- a directory, after it has statted 2 fewer subdirec-
- tories than the directory's link count, it knows that
- the rest of the entries in the directory are non-
- directories (`leaf' files in the directory tree). If
- only the files' names need to be examined, there is no
- need to stat them; this gives a significant increase in
- search speed.
-
- -version
- Print find version number on standard error.
-
- -xdev
- Don't descend directories on other filesystems.
-
- TESTS
- Numeric arguments can be specified as
-
- +_n for greater than _n,
-
- -_n for less than _n,
-
- _n for exactly _n.
-
- -amin _n
- File was last accessed _n minutes ago.
-
- -anewer _f_i_l_e
- File was last accessed more recently than _f_i_l_e was
- modified. -anewer is affected by -follow only if -fol-
- low comes before -anewer on the command line.
-
- -atime _n
- File was last accessed _n*24 hours ago.
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- -cmin _n
- File's status was last changed _n minutes ago.
-
- -cnewer _f_i_l_e
- File's status was last changed more recently than _f_i_l_e
- was modified. -cnewer is affected by -follow only if
- -follow comes before -cnewer on the command line.
-
- -ctime _n
- File's status was last changed _n*24 hours ago.
-
- -empty
- File is empty and is either a regular file or a direc-
- tory.
-
- -false
- Always false.
-
- -fstype _t_y_p_e
- File is on a filesystem of type _t_y_p_e. The valid
- filesystem types vary among different versions of Unix;
- an incomplete list of filesystem types that are
- accepted on some version of Unix or another is: ufs,
- 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K. You can use
- -printf with the %F directive to see the types of your
- filesystems.
-
- -gid _n
- File's numeric group ID is _n.
-
- -group _g_n_a_m_e
- File belongs to group _g_n_a_m_e (numeric group ID allowed).
-
- -ilname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- Like -lname, but the match is case insensitive.
-
- -iname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- Like -name, but the match is case insensitive. For
- example, the patterns `fo*' and `F??' match the file
- names `Foo', `FOO', `foo', `fOo', etc.
-
- -inum _n
- File has inode number _n.
-
- -ipath _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- Like -path, but the match is case insensitive.
-
- -iregex _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- Like -regex, but the match is case insensitive.
-
- -links _n
- File has _n links.
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- -lname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- File is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pat-
- tern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. The metacharacters do not treat `/' or
- `.' specially.
-
- -mmin _n
- File's data was last modified _n minutes ago.
-
- -mtime _n
- File's data was last modified _n*24 hours ago.
-
- -name _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- Base of file name (the path with the leading direc-
- tories removed) matches shell pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. The
- metacharacters (`*', `?', and `[]') do not match a `.'
- at the start of the base name. To ignore a directory
- and the files under it, use -prune; see an example in
- the description of -path.
-
- -newer _f_i_l_e
- File was modified more recently than _f_i_l_e. -newer is
- affected by -follow only if -follow comes before -newer
- on the command line.
-
- -nouser
- No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID.
-
- -nogroup
- No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID.
-
- -path _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- File name matches shell pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. The metachar-
- acters do not treat `/' or `.' specially; so, for exam-
- ple,
- find . -path './sr*sc'
- will print an entry for a directory called './src/misc'
- (if one exists). To ignore a whole directory tree, use
- -prune rather than checking every file in the tree.
- For example, to skip the directory `src/emacs' and all
- files and directories under it, and print the names of
- the other files found, do something like this:
- find . -path './src/emacs' -prune -o -print
-
- -perm _m_o_d_e
- File's permission bits are exactly _m_o_d_e (octal or sym-
- bolic). Symbolic modes use mode 0 as a point of depar-
- ture.
-
- -perm -_m_o_d_e
- All of the permission bits _m_o_d_e are set for the file.
-
- -perm +_m_o_d_e
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- Any of the permission bits _m_o_d_e are set for the file.
-
- -regex _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- File name matches regular expression _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. This is
- a match on the whole path, not a search. For example,
- to match a file named `./fubar3', you can use the regu-
- lar expression `.*bar.' or `.*b.*3', but not `b.*r3'.
-
- -size _n[ck]
- File uses _n 512-byte blocks (bytes if `c' follows _n,
- kilobytes if `k' follows _n). The size does not count
- indirect blocks, and does count blocks in sparse files
- that are not actually allocated.
-
- -true
- Always true.
-
- -type _c
- File is of type _c:
-
- b block (buffered) special
-
- c character (unbuffered) special
-
- d directory
-
- p named pipe (FIFO)
-
- f regular file
-
- l symbolic link
-
- s socket
-
- -uid _n
- File's numeric user ID is _n.
-
- -used _n
- File was last accessed _n days after its status was last
- changed.
-
- -user _u_n_a_m_e
- File is owned by user _u_n_a_m_e (numeric user ID allowed).
-
- -xtype _c
- The same as -type unless the file is a symbolic link.
- For symbolic links, if -follow has not been given, true
- if the file is a link to a file of type _c; if -follow
- has been given, true if _c is `l'. For symbolic links,
- -xtype checks the type of the file that -type does not
- check.
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- ACTIONS
- -exec _c_o_m_m_a_n_d ;
- Execute _c_o_m_m_a_n_d; true if 0 status is returned. All
- following arguments to find are taken to be arguments
- to the command until an argument consisting of `;' is
- encountered. The string `{}' is replaced by the
- current file name being processed everywhere it occurs
- in the arguments to the command, not just in arguments
- where it is alone, as in some versions of find. Both
- of these constructions might need to be escaped (with a
- `\') or quoted to protect them from expansion by the
- shell.
-
- -fprint _f_i_l_e
- True; print the full file name into file _f_i_l_e. If _f_i_l_e
- does not exist when find is run, it is created; if it
- does exist, it is truncated. The file names
- ``/dev/stdout'' and ``/dev/stderr'' are handled spe-
- cially; they refer to the standard output and standard
- error output, respectively.
-
- -fprint0 _f_i_l_e
- True; like -print0 but write to _f_i_l_e like -fprint.
-
- -fprintf _f_i_l_e _f_o_r_m_a_t
- True; like -printf but write to _f_i_l_e like -fprint.
-
- -ok _c_o_m_m_a_n_d ;
- Like -exec but ask the user first (on the standard
- input); if the response does not start with `y' or `Y',
- do not run the command, and return false.
-
- -print
- True; print the full file name on the standard output,
- followed by a newline.
-
- -print0
- True; print the full file name on the standard output,
- followed by a null character. This allows file names
- that contain newlines to be correctly interpreted by
- programs that process the find output.
-
- -printf _f_o_r_m_a_t
- True; print _f_o_r_m_a_t on the standard output, interpreting
- `\' escapes and `%' directives. Field widths and pre-
- cisions can be specified as with the `printf' C func-
- tion. Unlike -print, -printf does not add a newline at
- the end of the string. The escapes and directives are:
-
- \a Alarm bell.
-
- \b Backspace.
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- \c Stop printing from this format immediately.
-
- \f Form feed.
-
- \n Newline.
-
- \r Carriage return.
-
- \t Horizontal tab.
-
- \v Vertical tab.
-
- \\ A literal backslash (`\').
-
- A `\' character followed by any other character is
- treated as an ordinary character, so they both are
- printed.
-
- %% A literal percent sign.
-
- %a File's last access time in the format returned by
- the C `ctime' function.
-
- %A_k File's last access time in the format specified by
- _k, which is either `@' or a directive for the C
- `strftime' function. The possible values for _k
- are listed below; some of them might not be avail-
- able on all systems, due to differences in
- `strftime' between systems.
-
- @ seconds since Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT.
-
- Time fields:
-
- H hour (00..23)
-
- I hour (01..12)
-
- k hour ( 0..23)
-
- l hour ( 1..12)
-
- M minute (00..59)
-
- p locale's AM or PM
-
- r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
-
- S second (00..61)
-
- T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)
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- X locale's time representation (H:M:S)
-
- Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time
- zone is determinable
-
- Date fields:
-
- a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)
-
- A locale's full weekday name, variable length
- (Sunday..Saturday)
-
- b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)
-
- B locale's full month name, variable length
- (January..December)
-
- c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33
- EST 1989)
-
- d day of month (01..31)
-
- D date (mm/dd/yy)
-
- h same as b
-
- j day of year (001..366)
-
- m month (01..12)
-
- U week number of year with Sunday as first day
- of week (00..53)
-
- w day of week (0..6)
-
- W week number of year with Monday as first day
- of week (00..53)
-
- x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)
-
- y last two digits of year (00..99)
-
- Y year (1970...)
-
- %b File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up).
-
- %c File's last status change time in the format
- returned by the C `ctime' function.
-
- %C_k File's last status change time in the format
- specified by _k, which is the same as for %A.
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- %d File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the
- file is a command line argument.
-
- %f File's name with any leading directories removed.
-
- %F Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value
- can be used for -fstype.
-
- %g File's group name, or numeric group ID if the
- group has no name.
-
- %G File's numeric group ID.
-
- %h Leading directories of file's name.
-
- %H Command line argument under which file was found.
-
- %i File's inode number (in decimal).
-
- %k File's size in 1K blocks (rounded up).
-
- %l Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is
- not a symbolic link).
-
- %m File's permission bits (in octal).
-
- %n Number of hard links to file.
-
- %p File's name.
-
- %P File's name with the name of the command line
- argument under which it was found removed.
-
- %s File's size in bytes.
-
- %t File's last modification time in the format
- returned by the C `ctime' function.
-
- %T_k File's last modification time in the format speci-
- fied by _k, which is the same as for %A.
-
- %u File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user
- has no name.
-
- %U File's numeric user ID.
-
- A `%' character followed by any other character is dis-
- carded (but the other character is printed).
-
- -prune
- If -depth is not given, true; do not descend the
- current directory.
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- If -depth is given, false; no effect.
-
- -ls True; list current file in `ls -dils' format on stan-
- dard output. The block counts are of 1K blocks, unless
- the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in
- which case 512-byte blocks are used.
-
- OPERATORS
- Listed in order of decreasing precedence:
-
- ( _e_x_p_r )
- Force precedence.
-
- ! _e_x_p_r
- True if _e_x_p_r is false.
-
- -not _e_x_p_r
- Same as ! _e_x_p_r.
-
- _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2
- And (implied); _e_x_p_r_2 is not evaluated if _e_x_p_r_1 is
- false.
-
- _e_x_p_r_1 -a _e_x_p_r_2
- Same as _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2.
-
- _e_x_p_r_1 -and _e_x_p_r_2
- Same as _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2.
-
- _e_x_p_r_1 -o _e_x_p_r_2
- Or; _e_x_p_r_2 is not evaluated if _e_x_p_r_1 is true.
-
- _e_x_p_r_1 -or _e_x_p_r_2
- Same as _e_x_p_r_1 -o _e_x_p_r_2.
-
- _e_x_p_r_1 , _e_x_p_r_2
- List; both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are always evaluated. The
- value of _e_x_p_r_1 is discarded; the value of the list is
- the value of _e_x_p_r_2.
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